Cell structure and energy production.

Part 1: The Electron Microscope Demonstrates the use of the electron microscope to examine the structure of cell organelles, bacteria and viruses, and explains the preparation of specimens, staining, etc. Part 2: Sub-Cellular Fractionation Shows how mitochondria can be isolated from rat's liver using sub-cellular fractionation in order to study their function, and demonstrates the use of different types of centrifuge in this process. Part 3: Mitochondrial Respiration - The Oxygen Electrode.Discusses the role of mitochondria in the cellular production of ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate), explains how oxygen electrodes are prepared and shows how they are used to measure the rate of oxygen uptake by respiring mitochondria. Part 4: Light Reaction of Photosynthesis. Demonstrates the production of starch by photosynthesizing leaves experimentally, before showing how oxygen electrodes can be used to study photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts derived from spinach leaves, and the effect of different light wavelengths on photosynthesis.