concept

Four types of spurge (Euphorbia species): two succulent stems and two low-growing plants. Coloured etching by J. Pass, c. 1805, after J. Ihle.

Various leaf forms, leaf venation, bud arrangements and woody stems. Watercolour by I. Sawkins.

Two spiny plants (Solanum sisymbrifolium): flowering stems and floral segments. Coloured lithograph.

Four plants, all with different forms of tendrils or thorns. Chromolithograph, c. 1850.

Two plants, holy thistle (Silybum marianum) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense): flowering and fruiting stems. Coloured etching by C. Pierre, c. 1865, after P. Naudin.

A palm tree (Desmoncus horridus Splitg. ex Mart. ssp. horridus) in Guyana: liane with fruit. Watercolour by E.A. Goodall, 1846.

Two plants, Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) and gorse (Ulex europaeus): flowering and fruiting stems. Coloured etching by C. Pierre, c. 1865, after P. Naudin.

Two plants, a knapweed (Centaurea jacea) and star-thistle (Centaurea calcitrapa): flowering and fruiting stems. Coloured etching by C. Pierre, c. 1865, after P. Naudin.

A spiny Solanum plant: flowering stem. Etching by N. Robert, c. 1660, after himself.

Gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa): fruiting stem. Watercolour.

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Spines (Botany)

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Four types of spurge (Euphorbia species): two succulent stems and two low-growing plants. Coloured etching by J. Pass, c. 1805, after J. Ihle.

Gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa): fruiting stem. Watercolour.

Four plants, all with different forms of tendrils or thorns. Chromolithograph, c. 1850.

Two spiny plants (Solanum sisymbrifolium): flowering stems and floral segments. Coloured lithograph.

Two plants, holy thistle (Silybum marianum) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense): flowering and fruiting stems. Coloured etching by C. Pierre, c. 1865, after P. Naudin.